原标题:外媒:在这点上,印度和中国真没法比!
过去一周,印度德里遭遇了严重的雾霾,11月2日,全市37个空气质量监测站中有21个监测到的污染程度属于“严重污染”级别。
当地时间2019年11月2日,印度新德里雾霾严重图 via VCG
德里市民怨声载道。儿童、老人、哮喘患者是空气污染最严重的受害者。
Many Delhi residents complain of watering eyes, a persistent cough and a dull headache that lasts all day。
许多德里市民抱怨说,他们经常流眼泪,经常咳嗽,还有持续一整天隐隐作痛的头痛问题。
“The air smells acrid and awful; it feels heavy, as though it were enveloping all of us in a slow choke。 My sinusitis is making me miserable,” says 39-year-old Reem Khokhar, who provides consultancy services to tourism boards。 Work brought Khokar to Delhi in 2005 and she has lived here ever since, but she says the pollution has grown much worse in recent years。
“空气闻起来刺鼻、难闻;让人感觉头重脚轻,就好像我们所有人都被慢慢窒息,”为旅游局提供咨询服务的39岁的雷姆·科卡说道。2005年,科卡因工作调动来到了德里,从那以后她就一直居住在这里,但是她说,近年来污染变得更严重了。
Children, the elderly, asthma sufferers and the poor who don‘t have the means to protect themselves have been the most vulnerable to the city’s bad air, says Dr。 Vikram Jaggi, director of theAsthma Chest& Allergy Center in New Delhi。Every year when pollution spikes in the winter, Dr。 Jaggi says he sees a 30% increase in his patients。
新德里(德里分为旧德里和新德里两部分)哮喘、胸和过敏中心主任维克拉姆·贾吉医生说,儿童、老年人、哮喘患者和那些没有办法保护自己的穷人,最容易受到新德里糟糕空气的影响。贾吉医生说,每年冬天空气污染达到高峰时,他的病人就会增加30%。
▲As Delhi Chokes On Smog, India‘s Health Minister Advises: Eat More Carrots(via NPR)
图 via VCG
正如当地市民所感受到的,德里的空气污染问题已经持续了数年,尤其是到了秋冬季节,污染更为严重。而原因不外乎城市工业化、现代化中一些生产行为和人们生活方式的改变所引起的污染。
It‘s been caused by growing volumes of traffic, construction and industrial activity, the burning of rubbish and crops, the use of fireworks during religious festivals and weather patterns which can trap polluted air in the lower atmosphere for long periods of time。
空气污染是由不断增长的交通、建筑和工业活动、焚烧垃圾和农作物、在宗教节日期间燃放烟花爆竹,以及受污染的空气长期滞留在低层大气中的天气模式所造成的。
▲Delhi pollution: Is air quality in the Indian capital now improving?(via BBC)
印度近年来也采取了一系列措施来防治污染。
There have been various measures adopted in recent years by the municipal authorities in Delhi to tackle pollution: converting vehicles to cleaner fuel, restricting vehicle use at specific times, banning the use of polluting industrial fuel, prohibiting the entry of the dirtiest vehicles into the city and closing some power stations。
近年来,德里市政府采取了各种措施来解决污染问题:汽车转换为使用清洁燃料,在特定时间限制车辆使用,禁止污染严重的工业燃料的使用,禁止污染车辆进入城市,以及关闭一些发电站。
And there have also been measures taken by the national government, such as opening two major periphery roads east and west of Delhi to take heavy goods traffic away from the capital- as well as introducing new fuel emissions standards。
印度国家政府也采取了一些措施,比如在德里东部和西部开放两条主要的外围道路,将繁忙的货物运输从首都调离,同时引入新的燃料排放标准。
▲Delhi pollution: Is air quality in the Indian capital now improving?(via BBC)
当地时间2019年11月4日,印度新德里,空气污染严重,当地实行私家车单双号限行图 via VCG
不过遗憾的是,印度的空气污染治理收效甚微。2018年11月,空气污染水平更是达到了世界卫生组织所建议的安全限度的20倍。(“In November 2018, levels reached 20 times the recommended World Heath Organisation‘s safe limits for air pollution。”▲Delhi pollution: Is air quality in the Indian capital now improving? via BBC)
既然污染控制不了,印度的一些官员就想到了让市民从自身做起,防雾霾。方法就是:吃胡萝卜和听音乐。
。。。 at the peak of Delhi‘s pollution, when people all over the city were struggling to breathe, two federal ministers drew wide-spread criticism for tweets that either ignored the problem– or offered a puzzling solution。
……在德里污染最严重的时候,当全城的人都在艰难地呼吸,两名联邦部长因为在推特上因无视这个问题,或提出了令人费解的解决方案,而受到了广泛的批评。
India‘s Minister for Health and Family Welfare, Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Dr。 Harsh Vardhan,tweeted that eating carrots would help:“Eating carrots helps the body get Vitamin A, potassium,& antioxidants which protect against night blindness common in India。 Carrots also help against other pollution-related harm to health。”
印度卫生及家庭福利、科技部和地球科学部部长哈什·瓦尔丹博士在推特上说,吃胡萝卜会(对防雾霾)有帮助:“吃胡萝卜有助于身体获得维生素A、钾和抗氧化剂,这些都能防止印度常见的夜盲症。胡萝卜还有助于防止其他与污染有关的健康危害。”
Meanwhile, the Minister of Environment, Forest& Climate Change, Information& Broadcasting, simplytweetedan encouragement for citizens to“start your day with music。”
与此同时,印度环境、森林与气候变化部、信息和广播部部长在推特上鼓励公民“以音乐开始新的一天”。
▲As Delhi Chokes On Smog, India‘s Health Minister Advises: Eat More Carrots(via NPR)
当然,这两个建议立刻就招来了推特网友的群嘲。
Health Minister Harsh Vardhanji launched new anti pollution Carrot mask for delhi people。
印度卫生部长哈什·瓦尔丹为德里市民推出了一款新的防污染胡萝卜面具。
Thank you sir...now no pollution...
谢谢你先生……现在就没有污染了…
说到空气污染,与印度德里相对的,中国首都北京的空气污染过去也常为外媒所诟病。不过,与印度治霾成效甚微大相径庭的是,北京的空气质量近年来大大好转。所以连外媒也禁不住感叹:德里和北京已不可同日而语,当德里还被毒气所笼罩之时,北京的空气却在连年好转,这体现出了两国政府在污染治理方面的能力差异。
Only a few years ago, the capitals of Asia’s two biggest nations— India and China— were hovering around the same toxic air-pollution levels。 Today, the two cities are hardly comparable。 Beijing’s airis continuously improving, while Delhi’s pollution remains dangerously toxic。
就在几年前,亚洲最大的两个国家——印度和中国——它们的首都还在相同的有毒空气污染水平附近徘徊。如今,这两个城市几乎没有可比性。北京的空气质量在不断改善,而德里的污染程度仍旧是危险有毒的水平。
。。。 the markedly divergent trends in Delhi and Beijing appear to reflect differences in the two governments’ ability to combat pollution。
……德里和北京截然不同的趋势,明显反映了两国政府在治理污染能力上的差异。
▲The satellite images that help explain why Delhi’s air remains toxic and Beijing’s is getting better(via The Washington Post)
2019年11月3日,天安门广场在蓝天白云映衬下,景致壮美图 via VCG
谈到中国的空气治理如此卓有成效的原因时,西方媒体承认是中国的体制决定了政府决策执行的高效率。
“The beauty of China is that if they want something to be done, they can do it,” said Aseem Prakash, founding director of the Center for Environmental Politics at the University of Washington。“Nothing stands between the decision and the implementation。”
华盛顿大学环境政治中心的创始主任阿塞姆·普拉卡什说道:“中国的美妙之处在于,如果他们想做点什么,他们就能做到。没有什么能阻挡在决定和实施之间。”
▲The law that’s helping fuel Delhi’s deadly air pollution(via Vox)
的确,《环球时报》近期刊登的社评中也指出,中国探索形成的“政府主导、部门联动、企业尽责、公众参与”的中国模式,成就了中国空气治理雷厉风行的执行力。
The China Air Quality Improvement Report 2013-2018 released by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment in June said that in the practice of air pollution control in the past six years, China had explored and formed a model which highlights government‘sdominantrole and participation from enterprises and the general public。 This is a masterpiece plan in the history of air pollution control。
生态环境部今年6月发布的《中国空气质量改善报告(2013—2018年)》总结称,在最近6年的大气污染治理实践中,中国探索形成了“政府主导、部门联动、企业尽责、公众参与”的中国模式。这是一套超大手笔的组合拳。
Without firm determination, strong mobilization, andexecutive abilities, it would be impossible to defeat such pollution。
没有壮士断腕的决心,没有一呼百应的号召力,没有雷厉风行的执行力,要想制服雾霾自然很难。
▲India should look to China for its pollution solution(via Global Times)
除了中国和印度,世界上还有许多国家,特别是正走在现代化之路上的许多发展中国家,都在经历着改革过程中所遇到的环保问题。而走在最前面的中国,在治理雾霾的这几年,经济还始终保持了6%以上的增长,现代化水平不断提高,在环保和经济发展之间实现了难能可贵的平衡,为其他国家提供了许多可借鉴、具有参考价值的方法。
为中国喝彩!
文:Du Qiongfang